DEUTERIUM OXIDE
Deuterium oxide
CAS: 7789-20-0
Molecular Formula: D2O
DEUTERIUM OXIDE - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Deuterium oxide |
| Synonyms | D2O Water WATER-D2 Water-d2 heavy water WATER, HEAVY (~2~H_2_)water Deuterium oxide Deuterium oxidfe Deuterium Oxide (glass Heavy water, Water-d2 Deuterium oxide Ultra-D Deuteriumoxideisotopicpurity Deuterium oxide, Heavy water, Water-d2 |
| CAS | 7789-20-0 |
| EINECS | 232-148-9 |
| InChI | InChI=1/H2O/h1H2/i/hD2 |
| InChIKey | XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N |
DEUTERIUM OXIDE - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | D2O |
| Molar Mass | 20.03 |
| Density | 1.107g/mLat 25°C |
| Melting Point | 3.8°C(lit.) |
| Boling Point | 101.4°C |
| Flash Point | 101.4°C |
| Water Solubility | Miscible with water. |
| Vapor Presure | 27.464hPa at 25℃ |
| Appearance | Liquid |
| Color | Colorless |
| Merck | 14,2940 |
| pKa | pK (25°) 14.955 (molarity scale); 16.653 (mole fraction scale): A. K. Covington et al., J. Phys. Che |
| PH | 7 (H2O, 20℃) |
| Storage Condition | Store below +30°C. |
| Stability | Stable. Hygroscopic. |
| Sensitive | Moisture Sensitive |
| Refractive Index | n20/D 1.328(lit.) |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Heavy water, also known as "deuterium oxide" and "deuterium water", is a compound of heavy isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium) and oxygen, and is the most important compound of deuterium, because its density is larger than that of ordinary water, so weighing water, chemical formula D2O, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, is a colorless and odorless liquid, this water contains hydrogen isotope quality is two times that of ordinary hydrogen. compared with ordinary water, its chemical properties are relatively inactive, with specific gravity of 1.10775(25 ℃), melting point of 3.82 ℃ and boiling point of 101.42 ℃. The content of heavy water in natural water is 5000/2. In ordinary water, the ratio of heavy hydrogen to hydrogen is about 1:6000, and the reserves in the Dead Sea or deep sea are relatively abundant. There is no source of heavy water in nature. Heavy water is similar to ordinary water in appearance, but many physical properties are different. The hydrogen bonding force between heavy water molecules is large, and the degree of intermolecular association is large, so its melting point and boiling point are higher than that of water. The vapor pressure of heavy water at room temperature is smaller than that of water, which is the theoretical basis for the enrichment of heavy water by water distillation method. The viscosity of heavy water is 2.3% greater than that of water at 25 °c, resulting in many electrolytes having less conductivity in heavy water than in water. The dielectric constant of heavy water is lower than that of water, and the solubility of salts in heavy water is generally lower. At 25 ℃, 1g of water can dissolve 0.3592g of sodium chloride, but 1g of heavy water can only dissolve 0.3056g; At 25 ℃, the distribution coefficient of iodine between carbon tetrachloride and water is 85:1, while the distribution coefficient between carbon tetrachloride and heavy water is 103:1. The values of surface tension and ion product of heavy water ([D +7][OD +]= 2 × 10-15) are smaller than those of water, and the reaction rate of heavy water is slower than that of water. Heavy water has the property of absorbing water, which is similar to concentrated sulfuric acid, and must be stored in a sealed container. Heavy water can be used in atomic reactors as a nuclear moderator and thermal lubricant. |
DEUTERIUM OXIDE - Risk and Safety
| Safety Description | 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | ZC0230000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 3-10 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 2845 10 00 |
DEUTERIUM OXIDE - Reference Information
| relative polarity | 0.991 |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| History of use | in 1931, after the discovery of deuterium by H. C. Yary et al, it was also found that the concentration of deuterium in the waste liquid of the electrolytic cell was increased, and the idea of concentrating heavy water by electrolyzing water was proposed. In, G · N · Lewis et al. repeatedly electrolyzed 10L of electrolytic bath waste liquid to obtain 0.5 μl of heavy water with a concentration of about 65.7%, and then electrolyzed to obtain nearly pure heavy water. Using this initial droplet of heavy water, some of its physical constants were determined. The relative molecular mass of heavy water is 20.0275, which is about 18.0153 higher than that of ordinary water (11%), so its physical properties are different from those of ordinary water. The heavy water has a melting point of 3.82 °c, a boiling point of 101.42 °c and a density (25 °c) of 1.10445g/cm3. The neutron absorption cross section of heavy water is extremely small (only 5.3 × 10-4 target), and it is the most ideal moderator for thermal neutron reactor. In the U. S. In the 20th century 50's, the construction of the INE river production reactor, the power reactor used in the Canadian nuclear power plant and some of the research reactors built in many countries use heavy water as a moderator. Deuterium, which is contained in heavy water, is an important component of the fuel of a thermonuclear (hydrogen bomb) and fusion power reactor. Therefore, heavy water is a very important strategic material for the country. During World War II, heavy water production was highly valued and kept extremely confidential by both the Alliance and the Germany. When the alliance learned that heavy water was being produced on a large scale at the Norsk plant in Norway, it first attacked a fighting force in 1943 and then bombarded with aircraft, it was a serious frustration in the efforts of the German federation to develop nuclear weapons. A number of large heavy water production plants were built in the United States in 1943, with an annual output of about 20T. In the 90 s, many countries in the world can produce heavy water, and the annual production capacity is about 2000T. Heavy water production has been developed in China since the 50 s, and heavy water has been exported since the 80 s. The price of heavy water on the international market is about US $230,000 per ton. references: Chen De-Di, Li An, and Gu Gui-Sheng. Dictionary of National Defense Economics. Beijing: Military Science Press. 2001. |
| Main uses and functions | Heavy water can be used as neutron moderator and heat carrier agent in nuclear fission power reactor, it can also be used for chemical and biological research. Deuterium obtained by the electrolysis of heavy water is a charge for the production of a hydrogen bomb. The main purpose of heavy water is to be used as a "moderator" in nuclear reactors, to reduce the neutron velocity, to control the nuclear fission process, and to be a coolant. Heavy water and deuterium are valuable tracers in the study of chemical and physiological changes, such as irrigation of trees with dilute heavy water, it can be detected that the water in these plants can run from tens of meters to tens of meters per hour. Determination of deuterium content in human urine drinking a large amount of dilute heavy water, know that the residence time of water molecules in the human body is 14 days on average. The use of deuterium instead of ordinary hydrogen allows the study of animal and plant digestion and metabolism. Concentrated or pure heavy water can not maintain the life of animals and plants, heavy water on the general animal and plant lethal concentration of 60%. |
| Marine heavy water | water formed by the combination of heavy hydrogen and oxidation, and it is indeed heavier than ordinary water, so it is called "heavy water" (D2O). Heavy water is a huge energy source, which can be used as a moderator and heat transfer medium for atomic reactors. It is also a raw material for the manufacture of hydrogen bomb. Sea water contains 200 trillion tons of heavy water, so the extraction of heavy water from the sea water, once realized, the world's oceans can provide human beings with endless and exhausted energy. at present, heavy water is produced on a large scale by distillation, electrolysis, chemical exchange, adsorption and the like. Distillation is one of the first methods used to separate heavy water, which is based on the different vapor pressures of light water (H2O), semi-heavy water (HDO) and heavy water. The first plant to produce heavy water in the United States was the application of this method, which, of course, was later replaced by a more economical method. Now the chemical method is more commonly used, but also more economical. Hydrogen sulfide (HDS)-Water double temperature exchange method to produce heavy water from sea water, is one of them, exchange according to the following reaction: H2O (liquid) HDS (gas) = = HDO (liquid) h2S at low temperature (25 °c), gas hydrogen sulfide deuterium (HDS) deuterium, transferred to liquid water to become HDO, at high temperature (100 °c), the deuterium in HDO is transferred to H2S and becomes HDS, Thus deuterium is extracted from the water. D2O:H2S = 1:71600 in the whole process, so the amount of H2S is quite large, but it is still much smaller than the water evaporation method, so its equipment is smaller and the cost is lower. In general, this method is more economical for the initial concentration of heavy water. Although hydrogen sulfide gas is toxic and corrosive, but from the current point of view, this method is better than other methods, and thus is the most widely used method. H2S-H2O flow chart of dual-temperature exchange method: |
| harmfulness | 1. Deuterium affects organism mitosis, damages DNA repair enzyme, and causes DNA code confusion, DNA damage can last for life. 2, heavy water on DNA, affect the function of genetic factors can cause malignant tumors. 3, deuterium will inhibit the role of some biological enzymes, the impact of DNA replication of biological enzymes in heavy water reaction rate is reduced by half. |
| preparation method | Heavy water resources is very rich, the content of seawater is 5 × 1014t. However, the concentration of heavy water in natural water is very low, only 0.015%, and the heavy water used in the reactor requires a purity of 99.75%. Therefore, heavy water production is characterized by a large number of separation stages, long balance time, large amount of processed materials and large energy consumption. It is very important to select the method of enriching to about 1% from the natural concentration, and the cost of heavy water production is mainly determined by the cost of the initial enrichment stage. The main methods of heavy water production are the following three: ① distillation method: the use of deuterium compounds of the vapor pressure characteristics and enrichment. The main raw materials are hydrogen, ammonia, water and so on. The separation coefficient of liquid hydrogen distillation is large, but the low temperature technology and equipment limit the production scale. The operation of water distillation is simple and reliable, but the energy consumption is too large due to the small separation coefficient. The separation coefficient of ammonia distillation is slightly greater than that of water, and the latent heat is small, but it is limited by the ammonia source, and it is not economical to use it as the initial enrichment method. ② electrolysis method: when electrolyzing water, the electrolytic separation coefficient of deuterium can reach about 10. Electrolysis in the 20th century before the 50s is the main method of production of heavy water, now because the energy consumption is too large, has not been used alone; Chemical exchange method: the most economical method for the production of heavy water. The actual operation process of chemical exchange method is divided into single temperature exchange method and double temperature exchange method. Among them, the use of hydrogen sulfide and water double temperature exchange process is the main method of industrial scale production of low concentration of heavy water. In addition, hydrogen-absorbing alloy adsorption separation method and laser separation method are also being developed. |
| Use | for NMR, if the solvent is water and the object of study is hydrogen, heavy water may be used as the solvent. Neutron Moderator: some nuclear reactors use heavy water to slow down neutrons and give them the opportunity to react with uranium. Light water (ordinary water) can also be used as a moderator, but because light water will absorb neutrons, so the light water reactor must use enriched uranium, and can not use ordinary uranium, otherwise it will not reach the critical mass. Heavy water reactors can not only use ordinary uranium, but also convert uranium 238 into plutonium that can be used to make a nuclear bomb. |
| production method | liquid hydrogen distillation method: This method has the advantages of large separation coefficient and low energy consumption, however, the requirements for low temperature technology are high, the raw materials used must have a high purity, and the operation is difficult. The boiling points of H2,HD and D2 are 20.39K,22.13K and 23.57K, respectively. At low D concentrations, it is practically H2-HD binary mixtures. Since the disproportionation reaction 2HD = D2 H2 cannot be carried out automatically, pure HD is first obtained in the rectification of natural liquid hydrogen, and pure D2 can be obtained by the rectification of HD after the disproportionation reaction reaches equilibrium through the catalyst. Pure D2O can be obtained by combustion of D2 and O2. |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
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